Almighty Technology Giant

When the students present knew that the subject he was talking about was related to quantum mechanics, a large number of liberal arts students waited for a while before they heard it, because they knew that as long as it involved quantum mechanics, it was definitely a series of dismissals, which was too difficult to understand. .

Perhaps the most familiar among students of quantum arts about quantum mechanics is the "Schrödinger's cat", which is both a dead cat and a live cat. Then, for a while, I can still have two states, both dead and alive?

演讲 The speech was also broadcast live in the school forum, and the naughty comments have begun to "disturb."

It was the science and engineering men who were present. It was a matter of interest, especially the students specializing in computer science, who were as stable as old dogs, and expressed no pressure.

On the stage, Ye Hua whispered:

"... We are doing research now, which is superconducting technology applied to computers, called Josephson knots. Judging by the name, Josephson is a trailblazer. It ’s amazing. Superconductivity itself is amazing. I try to say It ’s easy to understand, what is superconductivity? Everyone should know that, in short, there is no resistance. Superconductivity was discovered by humans more than a hundred years ago. It must be a quantum effect, at the micro level, because This will not happen at the macro level. "

"The superconducting CBS micro theory ... In order to take care of other non-professional students, we will not go into the details of this CBS. It says that the formation of superconductivity is that two electrons in the metal can form. The electrons have opposite spin and momentum to each other. They can move without loss in the lattice, so there is superconducting current. On this basis, people have begun to conduct further research. Of course, we also have research teams in-depth research. "

"Some people find that in some special cases, superconductors can pass current even without voltage, which is not difficult to understand, because there is no resistance, but how is it formed?"

"The two superconductors are connected by a very thin material, and this material can be an insulator, a normal conductor, or a weakened superconductor, such as a thinner section in the middle to make it thinner. These three cases As long as the current passes through the superconductor, there is no need to continue to apply voltage, and the current continues to flow through this device. This is the so-called Josephson junction. "

"Maybe everyone will question, how can it continue to conduct electricity when it is insulated? Hey! It's just that, the quantum world is so amazing. In industry terms, this is called the quantum tunneling effect, also called the quantum tunneling effect. . "

"For a quantum, even if it is in front of a hard and dense wall, it can be uploaded at a high probability. This is the best interpretation of a wall without airtightness, which is quantum tunneling."

"This effect is very important. Without the quantum tunneling effect, it is unlikely that there will be conditions for life on Earth, because the sun will not be so hot, and the radiation inside the sun will reach the outside through the quantum tunneling effect."

"It is worth mentioning that Josephson, a scientist who made outstanding contributions again, is strange in his old age, not too late. It is probably middle-aged. Since seeing the Bell inequality, he feels that quantum entanglement is such a 'ghostly distance.' The effect is so amazing that he ca n’t extricate himself from fascination. Since then he has started to study these magical things like telepathy and mind control. "

"Physicists at the time felt that this clever head had been destroyed by physics, which is a pity."

"When the precision of traditional chips has reached the extreme, Moore's Law has failed, the semiconductor industry has stalled, and people firmly believe that the next breakthrough is quantum chips and quantum computers."

"So with regard to quantum computers, this is a long story and involves a lot of professional knowledge. Here I will briefly talk about the standard set by the scholar Divinson for quantum computers, which is the so-called Diven. Sen standards, saying that to achieve quantum computers must have five standards, which five? "

"Number one: have well-characterized qubits and scale."

"Scalability means integration, and of course we are all familiar with integrated circuits, and good characterization in computer terms means that each qubit must be individually addressable, which is very important."

"No. 2: There must be a way to set all qubits to 0 before calculation."

"That is initialization. This is simple to say, and it is very difficult to do. The current technology basically operates each qubit individually, because there are fewer, but the problem is more. How do you go to one-click initialization? There is no solution at this time. The problem has been found. The solution is the subject of our scientific research department. "

"No. 3: There is a universal set of quantum logic gates."

"What do you mean? We know that the state of a transistor is used to represent a 1 or 0 in a classic computer. How does this state work? The level is high and low, and then it is operated through a series of logic gates. Transistors can implement logic operations through special arrangements. "

"For example, if two high levels come over, it represents two 1s, then passes through an AND gate, and finally outputs a high level, representing 1, then the overall process is true (1) and true (1) = True (1). "

"Why does a computer generate heat? Because my original two bits of information 1 passed through the AND gate and became 1 bit of information, and I lost 1 bit, so heat was generated."

注意 "Note that the generation of heat is related to the loss of information, and it is a direct cause. It is not necessarily related to whether it is reversible in this process. What does it mean?"

"Like the example just now, then there is a problem, or two levels are coming up, but I don't know the level, after passing an AND gate, a 1 is output. What are the two inputs?"

"You can only input two 1s by outputting the AND gate, so you can easily derive the answer during this process, so it is reversible."

"But why say AND gate is still irreversible?"

"Just change it. For example, if the two inputs come over, the result of the output through the AND gate is 0. What is the input? It may be 0, it may be 1 above and 0 below, or it may be 0 below. 1, so you will find that if you ca n’t determine it, you ca n’t clearly map it back to the input, and this is the situation. ”

"But the NOT gate is different. You just tell me the output. Whatever it is, I know that the input is the opposite of the output, so the AND gate is an irreversible gate, and the NOT gate is a reversible gate."

"What are the characteristics of the reversible door? That is, I output as much as you input, without losing information, so no heat is generated during the computer process."

"Maybe some classmates will have to question, how can the non-gate not generate heat? How can the current not generate heat? Can it be a fake physics class?"

The next big wave of liberal arts students laughed incidentally during the persecution. Many people were unsure about their faces, and some of them didn't care if they didn't understand or understand. Anyway, they looked at the idol in their hearts.

"Of course, everyone is correct in physics, but please note that what I said here is that during the calculation process, no heat is generated due to the loss of information, and the heat generated by the lost information is the main source of heat generated by the CPU. So we It is found that as soon as a computer is used, the CPU will become hotter and hotter when a large amount of information is transmitted. "

Non-professional students, most of the liberal arts students suddenly look at it, everyone can use the computer, can no longer be familiar with electrical products, it is common sense to know that the computer's CPU will heat up, but why is it? Many people don't know. Ye Hua said so now.

"Can you turn an irreversible gate in a classic computer into a reversible gate? Some people have actually given several solutions in theory. For example, you can change the input and output of the logic gate to three, and then For example, a logical operation is called an exclusive-OR operation, which corresponds to an exclusive-OR gate, and binary addition is performed through it. "

"An XOR gate and an AND gate can form a half adder. The reversible version of an XOR gate is called a controlled NOT gate. One of the most important quantum logic gates in quantum algorithms is the double-qubit controlled NOT gate. One point, this is achieved through quantum entanglement, not through traditional circuits. "

"The quantum computer is a quantum, not a transistor, so there is no circuit."

"Article 4: There must be an effective solution to decoherence."

"The principle of quantum coding."

"Last item: You must be able to get the answers you want by measuring qubits."

"This hides a so-called efficiency problem. The well-known quantum Sauer algorithm can achieve coherent and coherent results in the measurement, and undesired coherent results in the undesired result. But the process needs to be obtained through repeated measurements. In other words, the more times you measure, the more accurate the result, but theoretically you can't give a 100% correct answer, you can only approach it infinitely, so is there a better way to get the answer by calculating the qubits? "

"This is the research direction our team is focusing on, and it is also a big mystery that research institutions or teams in the industry are trying to solve."

到目前为止 "So far, no machine in the world can perfectly meet the above five standards at the same time, so research on quantum computers has a long way to go."

On the stage, near the end, Ye Hua couldn't help but laugh at the audience: "Well, I think this speech is the most unsuccessful since I have spoken, because a lot of people below are drowsy. . "

Suddenly, there was a burst of laughter in the audience. The students of science and engineering said that there was no pressure to listen. If there were liberal arts students nearby, they were inexplicably proud, so they swelled.

Ye Hua on the stage continued: "In any case, I would rather be a proud worker of science and technology. I would like to speak today as a popular science lecture. In fact, I think technology In addition to workers or scientists engaged in research, it is our group's responsibility to popularize science for the general public. "

"Our country is not good enough for science popularization work. I saw some articles about science on the Internet, and when I got to the comment area, I saw the messages coming in aggressively, and then I went aggressively ~ www. wuxiaspot.com ~ It was another laugh, Ye Hua said: "This leads to a very bad phenomenon. The feeling of science has nothing to do with the people. It is so far away and mysterious, so there are so many people."逼 来 懵 逼走 的 Comment message. "

"I think this is bad for cultivating the scientific interest and hobbies of the masses. In fact, science is very simple, science is very interesting, and it is wonderful. Only when you understand it can you find its beauty. It is not mysterious because you It ’s mysterious to not understand, of course, that ’s what it is after understanding. Science is a process of seeking truth. ”

"In general, this is a science-based lecture, talking about the most cutting-edge superconducting technologies and quantum computers in the world today. I can only talk about it here because of time."

"Superconducting technology is one of the hot topics among the many technologies of quantum computers. The research on quantum computers has a long way to go, but if we look at the historical rules of the past, we should almost have a Von Neumann, A great genius in science, such as Dirac, opens a door for everyone and looks forward to the birth of this genius. Maybe it is one of the students who are here. Who knows? We must know that we have a lot of quantum in Fuda. Good students in the field, such as Mr. Zhang Shoucheng. "

"But I think it's time for such a new great god-like figure to appear, we'll wait and see."

Uh ...

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