Bulgarian Empire

　　 In the summer and autumn of 1887, Bismarck and Salisbury extended the Mediterranean Agreement to the Balkans.

　　 In December, the three countries of Britain, Italy and Austria exchanged notes. The second "Mediterranean Agreement" was signed and an alliance was established for Russia's Near East issue.

　　 This is the adjustment of the alliance system made by Bismarck, which has led to a pattern of mutual restraint between Britain, Italy, Austria, France, and Russia in the Near East without allowing France and Russia to form an alliance, ensuring Germany's status on the European continent.

　　 Since the late 1880s, the Three Emperors Alliance has gradually collapsed, but Germany still established alliances with Russia and Austria. This period was the peak of Bismarck’s “king of the ball” diplomacy.

　　 After Bismarck stepped down in March 1890, the successor's foreign policy changed and the alliance system came to an end.

　　 The most important one of Germany's new route is that the "German-Russian Reinsurance Treaty" is not being extended.

　　 After Germany tore up the "German-Russian Reinsurance Treaty," Russia's diplomatic situation has become increasingly severe. Forced to move closer to France, the two countries started alliance negotiations in 1891. Due to the distrust between France and Russia, it was not until 1894 that the French-Russian alliance was formally established.

　　 Under the leadership of the "new route", Germany, in July 1890, the British and German "Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty", the settlement of disputes over the colony issue between the two countries.

　　 was considered a major concession from Germany at the time, with the purpose of drawing Britain into the Three-Power Alliance.

　　 From 1890 to 1894, Germany repeatedly urged Britain to expand its obligations under the Mediterranean Agreement. Demonstration activities in the Mediterranean have demonstrated to the world the "four countries coordinated and unanimous" position.

　　 Against this background, the main purpose of Archbishop Ferdinand Pais Clement’s visit to Russia was to appease the mainstream pro-Russian faction; secondly, it could improve the relations between Russia and Bulgaria. You can hug your thighs without paying much.

　　 Time is running out, and Bismarck will step down in a few months, and Germany will tear up the "German-Russian Reinsurance Treaty." If Russia wants to break the diplomatic deadlock, it is logical to win Bulgaria.

　　 In fact, since the establishment of "The Alliance of Three Emperors", there have been many contradictions, especially the contradictions between Russia and Austria are difficult to reconcile.

　　 In 1885, there was an uprising in Eastern Rumilia. The people expelled Ottoman Turkish administrative officials and announced the merger with the Duchy of Bulgaria. Duke Alexander was adopted as the monarch of the merged country.

　　 It was originally an act of Bulgarian national independence. Under the intervention of European powers, in order to gain control of Bulgaria, it caused the Bulgarian crisis that lasted for two years.

　　The Bulgarian Principality is the main position retained in the Balkans after the Russian-Turkish War in 1878. In 1881, "The League of Three Emperors" contained the agreement of Bulgarian unification, but due to changes in the relationship between Russia and Bulgaria, Russia could not continue to control the Bulgarian puppet regime.

　　 Alexander, a descendant of the nobles of a small German state, is the nephew of the Russian queen. In 1879, with the support of the tsar, he became the monarch of the Principality of Bulgaria.

　　 After Alexander took office, he gradually expressed dissatisfaction with the arrogance of the Russian officials in Bulgaria, and the two sides negotiated repeatedly to no avail. In order to get rid of Russian control, Grand Duke Alexander's anti-Russian actions became increasingly obvious.

　　 Although the Austro-Hungarian Empire is an alliance with Russia, it is unwilling to see Russia's monopoly on Bulgaria, so it starts to move closer to each other under the wishful thinking of Alexander.

　　 After the rupture of relations between Russia and Bulgaria, Russia saw that it was unable to continue to control the Bulgarian government and began to obstruct the unification of Bulgaria, and threatened to withdraw its officers and disintegrate the Bulgarian military.

　　 At the same time, other big countries are required to jointly put pressure on Bulgaria and force Grand Duke Alexander to dissolve Bulgaria.

　　 At the meeting of the great powers, under the mediation of Germany, Austria-Hungary stood on the Russian side, but it was resisted by the British because the positions of Germany and Austria were not firm.

　　 In the end, the two sides reached a compromise. The Grand Duke Alexander became the governor of Eastern Rumilia, Bulgaria completed the de facto reunification, and Turkey retained its nominal sovereignty.

　　 This is not over yet, the merger of Bulgaria has aroused prying eyes from small countries such as Greece and Serbia, hoping to get territorial compensation.

　　 The King of Serbia and Milan visited Vienna in September, hoping that the territory would be supported by Austria-Hungary. When it was seen at the meeting of the powers, the support could not be obtained.

　　 In November, Serbia sent troops to invade Bulgaria, but the outcome was unexpected. The Serbian army, which had an absolute advantage, was defeated by Bulgaria. The Bulgarian army seized the opportunity to occupy some important towns in Serbia, and its troops were on the verge of its capital.

　　 In order to safeguard its interests in the Balkans, the Austro-Hungarian Empire intervened in the Serbian War. Forcing Bulgaria to withdraw its troops, but excluding Russia. At the same time, the defeat of Serbia also led to the pro-Russian faction coming to power, laying a hidden danger for the conflict between Russia and Austria.

　　 Russia, unwilling to fail, planned a coup and overthrew the rule of Alexander. However, due to the intervention of Anglo-Austria, UU reading www. The situation of uukanshu.com was beyond Russia's control, Ferdinand was adopted as the new Grand Duke, and Russian-Austrian relations deteriorated.

　　German-Russian relations are not as good as expected, and conflicts broke out on trade issues. The entry of cheap Russian agricultural products into the German market affected the interests of the Junker nobles. Under their intervention, they imposed heavy taxes on Russian agricultural products; Russia also retaliated heavily on German industrial products, and German-Russian trade conflicts broke out.

　　 In November 1887, Germany banned Russian securities of domestic banks. The German capital market was closed to Russia, prompting Russia to target France, and the German-Russian alliance began to end.

　　 At the end of November 1889, the Bulgarian diplomatic mission arrived in St. Petersburg. The following month, Archbishop Schliment was received by Alexander III. The diplomatic stalemate between Russia and Russia, which lasted for four years, began to dawn.

　　 At the same time, Ferdinand, who was familiar with the faces of the great powers, was forced to admit that he signed a secret agreement with Britain and Austria-Hungary during the Stam government.

　　 Britain and Austria have obtained preferential foreign trade rights to Bulgaria. Both parties only need to pay extremely low tariffs. Considering the industrial gap between the two parties, it is unfair to Bulgaria.

　　 At the same time, due to tariffs being mortgaged, the forces of Britain and Austria have begun a new round of penetration into Bulgaria. At a painful price, the Ferdinand government won the support of Britain and Austria, and the relationship between the two sides has been further developed.

　　 In the long run, Britain and Austria have taken advantage of Bulgaria's trade by virtue of their industrial advantages, which has hit the development of the Bulgarian national bourgeoisie.

　　 Fortunately, Ferdinand was ready to develop national capitalism from the beginning, relying on policy inclination to compete with the overall resources and powers. There is no plan to rely on the bourgeoisie to strengthen the country, otherwise it will be difficult for Bulgaria to develop.