Bulgarian Empire

　　 Time flies quickly, and at the end of 1891, the long-saw negotiations between Russia and Bulgaria are finally coming to an end.

　　 The negotiations lasted more than a year, involving more than 500 clauses, covering all aspects of political, economic, military, and cultural exchanges.

　　 On December 15, 1891, the two sides finally reached an agreement and signed the "Russian Empire and the Principality of Bulgaria" Politics, Economy, Military and Cultural Friendship Exchange Treaty, abbreviated as "Russian-Russian Treaty", also known as "Russian-Russian Alliance."

　　 On the day the "Russian League" was signed, Ferdinand approved it. Only after being sent to St. Petersburg, it can be formally established with the approval of Alexander III.

　　 The Russian delegation, which has been in Bulgaria for more than half a year, is now busy rushing back to Christmas and declined Ferdinand’s stay.

　　 Ferdinand, who was in a good mood, personally participated in the farewell banquet and practiced it for the Russian delegation.

　　 To be honest, Ferdinand did not expect that the negotiation went so smoothly.

　　 From a comprehensive perspective, the "Russian Alliance" is an equal treaty for both parties. At the end of the 19th century, a small country signed an equality treaty with the great powers. The difficulties were unimaginable for later generations.

　　 That is, Ferdinand came from later generations, knowing that Russia’s diplomatic dilemma takes time. The alliance between France and Russia is already under way in secret. At that time, the diplomatic risks borne by the alliance with Russia were also very huge.

　　In history, Bulgaria relied on Russia in 1894. At that time, the Franco-Russian alliance had been established and it was no longer necessary for Bulgaria. Naturally, it would not be costly to win.

　　 In Ferdinand’s view, the establishment of the "Russian-Russian League", Bulgaria has obtained raw materials for industrial development from Russia, as well as a vast market. It is an indispensable part of Bulgaria’s industrialization process.

　　 At the time, what was able to provide Bulgaria with these two points was not available in any other country except the Russian Empire.

　　 At the end of the 19th century, resource-rich countries besides Russia and Britain and France, they had large colonies. But the British and French industries are developed and basically self-sufficient, and there is no need to import industrial products.

　　 But what about other countries?

　　The typical industry in Germany is developed, and he has to import resources and look for markets!

　　Austro-Hungarian industry is not bad, and industry and commerce are closely related to Germany, so why can’t it be Bulgaria?

　　 Italy does not need to think about it. He is still a dick, with poor resources and backward industries, and he has not yet reached out to the Balkans.

　　 The United States is not yet a world policeman for later generations, and cannot reach out to the Mediterranean. Even if the two parties trade, the freight cost is higher than the price of the raw materials themselves.

　　 Then Russia is the only option for Bulgaria. Russia is rich in resources and is close to Bulgaria. It is connected by the Black Sea and can be developed in the morning. Moreover, its industry is not good, and it imports a lot of industrial products every year.

　　 Not only Ferdinand thinks "Russian League" is good, but Alexander III, who is far away in St. Petersburg, is in a good mood now.

　　 Alexander III, the thirteenth emperor of the Russian Empire, reigned from 1881 to 1894.

　　 The reign of Alexander III began under the prosperity created by Alexander II. Alexander III did not intend to establish a New Deal or interfere too much in actual government affairs.

He adopted a method of governing the country similar to that of a chairman: he organized and appointed a group of capable people, formed a circle of think tanks, and asked these people to conduct research on national government affairs, come up with a few solutions, and then report to the emperor himself. Make the final decision.

　　 During the period of Alexander III, Russia’s economic development reached a peak, not only in terms of military, but also economically, becoming the world's leading power.

However, due to the reverse reform measures implemented by the upper-level ruling group in Russia, the development of ideology was restrained, the popularization of education was seriously hindered, the general improvement of the quality of the people was affected, and the confrontation between social classes was accelerated, and finally the historical process of promoting social development through violent revolutionary means and civil war Foreshadowed.

　　 In terms of diplomacy, Alexander III actively promoted pan-Slavism, which is of course related to the significant increase in Russia's national strength and rising international status.

　　The pan-Slavism promoted by Russia has a strong diplomatic focus, mainly targeting the Balkan Peninsula and the Black Sea coast. This is obviously to expand Russia's influence in these areas and consolidate Russia's dominant position in the Slavic ethnic settlements.

　　 Russia’s policy in the Balkans has played a positive role in enhancing its international status and promoting the development of the local national liberation movement.

　　 But the negative factors are also obvious. The activities in the Balkans provided the fuse for the First World War and laid hidden dangers for the fall of the Russian Empire.

　　 In addition to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Empire is competing with Russia in the Balkans. UU reading www.uukanshu. cm

　　 Germany has always hoped to obtain a warm port in the Mediterranean, open up the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, and cut off Europe, so it has accelerated the momentum of expansion in the Balkans. This is also one of the reasons why German-Russian relations are breaking down.

In general, Russia in the time of Alexander III was the closest culturally and economically to Europe. There was a sense of mutual identity between Europe and Russia, and at this time Russia could no longer use force, but only through diplomatic efforts. Realize political intentions.

Alexander III’s most famous and confident sentence in foreign affairs is: The Russian Tsar is still fishing, and Europe can wait for the time being (once Alexander III went fishing while resting on vacation, and his subjects in charge of European affairs came to Alexander The III reported on urgent official duties, and Alexander III said this).

　　 It can be said that Alexander III was the most powerful ruler in the history of Russia in the 19th century.

　　 During the reign of Alexander III, Russia only launched a foreign war: the small battle of Merv Oasis under the command of Skobelev.

　　Melv is an oasis city in Turkmenistan in Central Asia. It is called Marei in the Chinese Han Dynasty literature. The Southern and Northern Dynasties literature is also called the last country. In the Yuan Dynasty literature, this place is called Marivu, or Maran.

　　 After Merv was incorporated into the Russian territory, Turkmenistan officially became part of the Russian Empire.

　　1 Because Alexander III was affected by the assassination of Alexander II, he had a shadow in his heart, afraid of being assassinated, and often lived in the palace Gatchina on the outskirts of the capital.

　　 Known as the hermit of Gatchina, and because he rarely started wars, Alexander III was also a peacemaker.