Global Cataclysm: Infinitely Upgrade Shelter

Black Storm

Introduction

In the early hours of May 11, 1934, an unprecedented black storm struck the western prairies of the United States. The strong winds blew for 3 days and 3 nights, forming a huge rapidly moving black storm belt that is 2,400 kilometers long from east to west, 1,440 kilometers wide from north to south, and 3,400 meters high. Wherever the storm passed, streams were cut off, wells dried up, fields cracked, crops withered, livestock died of thirst, and thousands of people were displaced.

This type of storm is a type of severe sandstorm, commonly known as "black wind", a type of sandstorm in which the sand raised by the wind forms a wall of sand, and the visibility is almost zero where it passes. It is a disastrous weather phenomenon with strong winds, dense sand and dust. Strong winds are the starting force, and deserts with abundant sources of sand and dust are the material basis for the formation of black storms.

Black Storm

When the sandstorm occurs, the wind force is mostly 4~8, the fine sand and dust near the ground are transported to an altitude of 15~30 meters, and the horizontal visibility can be maintained at a height of more than 1,000 meters. There is also a dust storm phenomenon different from sandstorms - strong winds above level 8 sweep a large amount of dust and other fine particulate matter into the air, forming a churning wind wall up to 500~3000 meters. The dust carried by the storm rolls forward, and can drift thousands or even 10,000 kilometers away at high altitudes. In desert and semi-desert areas, the combination of dust storms and sandstorms is called sandstorms, and black storms are extremely large and strong sandstorms.

Reflection

This is a historic punishment of human civilization by nature. Due to the continuous reclamation of land resources and the continuous cutting down of forests, the soil has been seriously eroded by wind erosion, and the continuous drought has further increased the phenomenon of land desertification. Under the action of the high-altitude current, the dust particles and sand are rolled up, and the strands of dust rise into the air, forming a huge gray-black storm belt. The New York Times ran a feature on the front page of the day.

The Black Storm had a serious impact on the agricultural and animal husbandry production in the United States, causing large areas of wheat that had already suffered from drought to wither and die, causing fluctuations in the grain market in the United States at that time and impacting economic development. At the same time, the black storm swept away the fertile soil surface, revealing a barren sandy soil layer, changing the soil structure of the affected areas and seriously restricting the future development of agricultural production in the disaster area.

Every time man triumphs over the natural world, nature responds accordingly. In March and April 1960, the newly reclaimed areas of the former Soviet Union were again eroded by the Black Storm, and all the farms that had been in operation for many years were destroyed within a few days. Nature's revenge on humanity is relentless. Three years later, another storm struck these newly reclaimed areas, this time more widely. The newly reclaimed areas of Kazakhstan have been affected by 20 million hectares.

The occurrence of the Black Storm disaster in North America and the former Soviet Union has revealed to the world that in order to avoid nature's retaliation, human beings must act according to objective laws. In other words, while human beings ask for the natural world, they must also consciously do a good job in protecting the human living environment, otherwise they will reap the consequences.

Great avalanche

The Great Avalanche of 1970

The Great Avalanche of Peru in 1970 was one of the top 10 natural disasters of the 20th century. Peru is located in the western part of South America and has an endless coastline of more than 3,000 kilometers. It is also a mountainous country, with half of the country's total area covered by mountains, and the famous Andes peak of Vascarán has a large slope and steep cliffs. The mountain is covered with snow all year round, and the "White Death" often descends here. On 31 May 1970, an avalanche destroyed the city of Rongayi at the foot of the peak of Mount Vascaran, killing 20,000 inhabitants and affecting an area of 23 square kilometres.

The Great Avalanche in Peru

May

31, 1970, 20:30. Mount Vascarán in the Peruvian Andes.

At this time, in the cold region, many people have fallen asleep.

Suddenly, there was a thunderous sound in the distance. Immediately, the earth, like a ship in the waves, suddenly lost control, trembling wildly and violently. Immediately afterward, there was a sound of the sky cracking in the distance. It is deafening and wakes people up from their dreams. Those who were reading, entertaining, and working at night were stunned by the sudden noise. People didn't know what was going on, and the houses staggered and creaked and collapsed.

It was then that people realized that the earthquake had struck.

Those who had not yet had time to flee the house were crushed by the falling rubble. Some have been stoned to death and knocked unconscious, while others are crying loudly for help and crying. The people who had already run outside were also unsteady on their feet at this time. They were too busy to save their friends and relatives who were crushed under the collapse. Outside, it was cold and dark, and no one could see anyone, only the rumbling sound of collapse.

Suddenly, another thunderous sound came from far and near, from the direction of the peak of Mount Vascalan. After a while, the mountains collapsed, the snow flew, and the wind blew in the face.

It turned out that a massive avalanche triggered by an earthquake had erupted.

The earthquake cracked, loosened, and shattered the rocks on the mountain peaks, and the seismic waves shattered the snow and ice on the mountain. In an instant, the ice, snow and gravel poured down like a huge waterfall against the cliff face, collapsing almost at a freefall speed of 900 meters.

The

city of Rongjiayi, which had just been hit by an earthquake, was in shock, and was swept away by the ice and snow dragons that followed, most of them were crushed to death under the ice and snow, and many people were suffocated to death by the ice and snow dragons that were moving quickly.

Beneath the peak of Mount Vaskaran is a basin of glacial grains of snow. Here, a thick layer of snow and ice accumulates. At this time, the heavy impact of the snow, snow and gravel falling from the mountain peaks broke the thick ice and snow in the grain snow basin. Under the action of a huge air wave, the ice and snow dust in the basin rose into the air, as if it had a huge snowstorm. Suddenly, snowflakes flew all over the sky, and mushroom-like snow clouds rose to a height of hundreds of meters, which had the potential to cover the sky and the sun.

The violent shaking caused the ice, snow and rocks on the top of the mountain to collapse continuously. Each time it collapses, a mushroom-shaped snow cloud rises. In the snow basin, the ice and snow that collapsed for the first time have not yet stabilized, and the snow particles have not yet fallen, and they are dusty by the ice and snow that have collapsed again.

The snow and debris that fell from the summit merged into a very large body of ice and snow in the snow basin. The ice and snow in the basin accumulated more and more, and it began to overflow the mouth of the snow basin at a great speed, forming a strong flow of ice and snow. This powerful stream of ice and snow, like a wild horse on the loose, with a powerful wave of air, spewed white smoke, whistling down ......

For most people, avalanches are only seen in movies or television. Perhaps, you are still amazed by the magnificence of its spectacle. However, the current avalanche is more of a source of sorrow and pain for Peruvians.

It was by far the largest and most tragic avalanche disaster in the world.

It evokes memories of an avalanche.

The Great Avalanche of 1960

On January 10, 1960, also on the peak of Mount Vascaran, a large avalanche occurred. As spring falls, the earth warms up and the temperature rises, causing the snow to begin to melt. Meltwater seeps down the fissures, acting as a lubricant and weakening the cohesion between the ice, snow and the mountain. In this case, the friction between the snow on the peaks and the slopes is reduced, causing large-scale avalanches. Although the scale of the avalanche was not as large as this one, it was quite amazing. The snow and ice currents traveled at a speed of 140 kilometers per hour, and the avalanche totaled 5 million cubic meters. Six villages under the mountain were destroyed.

As a result of the avalanche, the ground where the snow and ice flow passed was so smooth that the shrub forest vegetation had lost its ability to block it back then, making the avalanche even more invincible.

At this time, the powerful ice and snow flow roaring out of the snow basin rushed down at an extremely high speed, like a very huge ice and snow dragon, following the old path of the avalanche, at a speed of 300-400 kilometers per hour, frantically rushing down the mountain.

Under the vibration and impact of the powerful air waves, the "avalanche wind", the snow along the way fell one after another, followed by the whistling, and the ice and snow dragons became bigger and bigger. The rumbling sound, mixed with the crackling and cracking sound, spread throughout the empty mountains and forests. Everywhere the ice wyvern went, rocks were shattered, trees were uprooted or broken, and houses were smashed to pieces.

The place swept by the ice and snow currents left behind a desolate and miserable scene. Everywhere there were toppled branches, severed roots, creeping shrubs, bare hillsides stripped of vegetation, broken houses ......

Before the Ice Dragon, the powerful air waves that formed were caused by the violent vibrations of the air caused by the high-speed movement of the ice and snow bodies. This wave of air formed by the ice and snow current is so powerful that it can lift up stones in the air. A 3,000-kilogram boulder was thrown 600 meters away. Its destructive power is far greater than that of the ice and snow bodies themselves.

It was this powerful avalanche wave that not only became the pioneer of the ice and snow body along the way, but also affected a large area of forest vegetation on both sides of the road, causing serious damage to the places that the ice and snow dragons could not reach, and destroying large areas of forests, orchards, fields and houses.

This huge stream of ice and snow is moving at high speed in the old road, and the speed is very shocking. Perhaps because of its high speed, it changed its path and created a rare jumping avalanche: a stream of snow and ice moving at high speed, with a powerful wave of air, swept over a ridge beneath the peak of Mount Vascalan and swept unscrupulously towards the ravine. Everywhere they went, the forest vegetation was completely destroyed, leaving another valley severely damaged by the snow and ice flows.

When the ice and snow dragon rushed to the end of the ice tongue along the old road, the amount of snow that collapsed had reached 30 million cubic meters, carrying millions of cubic meters of rock debris, forming a dragon head nearly 100 meters high, and continued to roar towards the valleys and towns below the mountain. Along the way, rivers were blocked, roads were blocked, towns were destroyed, and farmland was flooded ......

At the foot of Mount Vaskaran, there is the city of Rongjai, which was being hit by the doom of the earthquake when the avalanche first occurred, and people were busy rescuing their loved ones, and some were preparing to flee from the dangerous place to escape the disaster. At this moment, a wave of air with a powerful impact hit the face, pushing people to the ground. In an instant, the huge ice dragon roared, and most of them were crushed to death under the ice and snow. The ice and snow dragon in the fast march formed a strong air pressure that suffocated many people to death.

At that time, some people recorded a very tragic scene: "Some died with their mouths wide open and staring at their eyes, and some died curled up with their heads in their hands." The few who were not swallowed by the ice and snow also had difficulty breathing, and their mouths were wide open and desperately panting for ......

All the buildings in Rongayi City have been shaken by the earthquake, and only some broken walls remain. With the rapid arrival of the Ice Dragon, the powerful qi wave first lifted away some light items, broken wood from doors and windows, and wooden frames of bed boards on the ruins. The pillars and beams of the houses were lifted into the river valley, the doors and window frames were lifted to the rocks, the remaining roofs were thrown into the distance, and the remaining broken walls were crushed and crushed to the ground by the ice dragons that followed.

After the Ice Dragon swept through the city of Rongayi, it finally came to a standstill in a nearby river valley. A huge body of snow and ice blocked a river, causing it to accumulate and form a "temporary reservoir". After a period of time, the temporary ice and snow dams formed by the ice and snow bodies began to melt, causing the ice and snow dams to collapse. A large amount of river water accumulated in the "temporary reservoir" rushed down, causing flooding in a certain area, flooding the farmland near the city of Rongjiayi.

The avalanche created a torrent of snow and ice that swept 14.5 kilometers and affected an area of 23 square kilometers, destroying the city of Rongayi at the foot of Mount Vaskaran, killing 20,000 residents and destroying most of the farmland and villages outside the city.

As the saying goes, "Disaster doesn't go alone." "The earthquake not only induced large avalanches, but also triggered massive mudslides.

In the aftermath of the earthquake, debris and snow and ice debris on the mountain peaks rushed down, and mudslides formed mudslides in the snow and snow debris and soil that slid at high speed. Along the way, a large number of forests, plants, thorns, and shrubs were destroyed. Then, the mudslide swept towards the towns of Yangai and Panlach in central Peru, burying a large number of houses, buildings, people and animals. Nearly two-thirds of the town was destroyed, and the death toll reached 20,000.

Earthquakes, avalanches, mudslides, have taken a heavy toll on Peruvians. According to the statistics of the relevant departments after the disaster, 12,000 people died in the earthquake, more than 20,000 people died in the avalanche caused by the earthquake, and about 20,000 people died in the mudslide caused by the earthquake, with a total of 52,000 deaths and economic losses of 500.7 million US dollars.

Severe flooding

In July 1987, Bangladesh experienced the largest flood on record. In just two months, 47 of Bangladesh's 64 districts were hit by floods and torrential rains. The United Nations has launched two food supply programs, one of which costs $20 million a year to implement.

Severe floods in Bangladesh

In July 1987, Bangladesh experienced the largest flood on record. Days of torrential rain and strong winds caused a sudden natural disaster that overwhelmed the unprepared residents. In just two months, floods and torrential rains hit 47 of Bangladesh's 64 districts, killing more than 2,000 people, drowning 25,000 livestock, destroying more than 2 million tons of food, destroying 20,000 kilometres of roads and 772 bridges and culverts, collapsing tens of millions of houses, damaging vast swaths of crops, and affecting 20 million people.

Bangladesh is located north of the Bay of Bengal and belongs to the southeast of the Gangetic Plain, which is bounded by the Eastern Ghats to the west, the Arakan Mountains to the east, and the Himalayas to the north. There are 230 rivers in the territory, and Bangladesh suffers huge losses from annual flooding. Coupled with its location in the monsoon zone, the southwest monsoon blowing from the Indian Ocean brings warm and saturated water vapor towards the area of low pressure. When blocked by the mountains, it rains immediately. As a result, the flat, low-lying country of Bangladesh is not immune to flooding.

The floods have exacerbated the poverty of the people, and the United Nations has launched two food supply plans. The implementation of one program alone costs $20 million per year.

Such huge losses have not been taken seriously by the government. Nature has its own irresistible forces, but its damage can be minimized through strong preventive measures. In September 1987, Bangladesh's Minister of Irrigation, Water Development and Flood Control, Anis Islam Mahmoud, said afterwards, "If we had reached an agreement with India and Nepal on the efficient use of the region's water resources, i.e., increasing the flow of rivers in the winter and controlling floods during the rainy season, we could have reduced the severity of the floods that occurred here in July and August." If he had done so, tens of millions of people would not have been left homeless.

The floods not only brought poverty and hunger to the people, but also bred a large number of bacteria. Various diseases are prevalent in the affected areas, with about 800,000 people contracting dysentery and nearly 100 people dying. This has undoubtedly made the lives of the people of Bangladesh even worse.

How to get rid of the heavy disaster caused by the floods and how to alleviate the crisis in this poor South Asian country has become a major problem for the Bangladesh government to solve, and it has also attracted the attention of the whole world.

Indian plague

September 18, 1994 is the last day of the Hindu Ganeshma Festival. The streets of Surat, an industrial city in Gujala, are bustling with activity. Thousands of men are singing and dancing in the streets, celebrating their traditional festivals. People are immersed in happiness, peaceful joy...... But who knows, at this time, a deadly plague has quietly descended on them. The next day, the newly opened hospital in Surat received 30 patients with similar conditions. Their symptoms are: high fever, coughing, sneezing, vomiting blood, and fainting. Since then, another batch of patients have been admitted to the hospital. The first patient died in the hospital on 20 September; From the outside of the deceased, they were all blackened, with wide-open eyes, and the pain was horrific. At first, the doctors did not know that the patient was suffering from the terrible plague. It is no wonder that they are, as the plague has been almost extinct since the last plague pandemic in India in 1966, and quite a few doctors have never encountered the disease.

Plague pandemic in India

At this time, it was suspected that it was caused by the poisoning of the drinking water source by bad actors, and the municipality ordered the tap water supply to be cut off and the condition of the water source was investigated. Later, it was said that there was an epidemic of plague in Radur, near Mahashtra. Doctors immediately tested blood samples, which showed that the patients had the disease, and realized that a catastrophe had struck. The medical conditions in Surat are very poor, the medical equipment is very backward, the medical force is seriously insufficient, the drugs for treating the disease are pitiful, and the drugs such as tetracycline and sulfonamides needed to treat the plague are even more scarce. By 4 October, more than 1,000 people had been admitted to hospitals for treatment and examination, and 50 of them had died. At this time, the city of Surat was in a state of great urgency as if it was facing a brutal war...... News of the plague epidemic spread. It didn't take long for the word to spread throughout the city of Surat.

For a time, the flow of people vying for drugs flocked to the hospital, and a long queue formed at the entrance of the drug store. This terrible disease has terrified the inhabitants of the city of Surat day and night like ants on a hot pan. In order to escape this scourge, they helped the old and the young, and used all available means of transportation to flee the plague-infested city in a hurry. Thousands of refugees are crowded around train and bus stations every day. The chief of the city police exclaimed: "Even thousands of police officers could not stop the flow of traffic and people fleeing in all directions. Within a few days, 300,000 people fled from Surat, a city of 2 million people, in a panic...... The citizens who remained in the city were also panicked. Public services such as shops, markets and cinemas and theatres are closed, many factories are closed, schools are closed, and parents are not allowed to go out. During the day, people wear masks, and those who do not have masks cover their mouths and noses with handkerchiefs and scarves, thinking that they will be able to avoid disasters, and at night, people dare not go out, and the streets are empty, and there is a deathly silence. At this time, the city of Surat was like a terrible ghost town.

300,000 Surat citizens fled to all corners of India, bringing plague germs and fear across the country. In less than two weeks, the terrible plague had spread to seven Indian states and the administrative region of New Delhi: Gujara, where Surat is located, was the most plague-endemic region, with the largest number of infections and deaths. The neighbouring city of Mumbai, which is close to Surat, is the first target of refugees, with 2,105 people infected in the state of Maharashtra, where the city is located. In the capital, New Delhi, 770 people were admitted to the hospital for treatment and examination, 36 people were confirmed to be infected with plague, and 4 people died. In addition, there is an increase in the number of patients in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. The plague also reached the remote states of Jammu and Kashmir. According to official statistics, within two weeks, as many as 4,780 patients from all over the country went to hospitals for examination or treatment, and there was news of the dead almost every day. In places like New Delhi, infectious disease hospitals have become overcrowded, and authorities have had to set up temporary isolation wards in general hospitals. Whether it is an infectious disease hospital or a temporary isolation ward, the medical conditions are very poor. In a dimly lit ward, crowded with dozens of patients, with doors and windows open, mosquitoes and flies flying, and rats, the media that spread the plague, playing on the floor, on the windowsill, and on the roof, this is the place to treat the sick! Many patients have fled the ward because they cannot endure the terrible conditions. VIA had no choice but to organize a special police team to track down the patients to prevent them from spreading the germs.

The sudden arrival of the plague was like a bolt from the blue for the unprepared Indian authorities. There were so many patients that the hospital couldn't resist it and rushed one after another. Drugs are in short supply, and many pharmacies are no longer able to provide medicines for treatment. Extremely frightened citizens rushed to buy vaccines and antimicrobicin, and even if there were medicines in a few places, they were quickly sold out. As a result, VIA India had to request support from the World Health Organization and other countries to meet the urgent needs. Even more frightening, however, was the panic and hysteria that arose from the fear of the plague. The 300,000 citizens of Surat who fled thought they would be safe from the demon-controlled city. Unexpectedly, everywhere they went, they were not welcome. In desperation, he had to return to his hometown. This mass exodus spread terror and the plague throughout India. Many cities, such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, etc., are plunged into panic and chaos ......

The plague epidemic caused extreme panic among the people. This fear spread like a fire around the world. Many countries have suspended their contacts with India. For India, the economic damage is difficult to estimate. According to statistics, tens of billions of dollars have been spent on the treatment and prevention of plague.

Causes

One wonders why the plague, which had been dormant for many years, has regained its prevalence in India, and experts agree that the outbreak is the result of extremely filthy conditions. Surat is said to be the dirtiest city in India, with slums, bazaars, streets and alleys, piles of garbage and a stinking smell. During the plague epidemic, up to 1,400 tons of garbage were removed every day. The garbage everywhere has become a breeding ground for rats.

Poison gas at the bottom of the lake

The Pameta Plateau is a beautiful and intoxicating place.

On the evening of August 21, 1986, while people were sleeping soundly, a loud bang suddenly pierced the sky. Many people have lost their precious lives before they can find out what happened.

Poison gas at the bottom of the lake in Cameroon

On this night, a volcanic lake ——— the Nyos Crater Lake, a volcanic lake on the Pameta plateau in the northwest of Cameroon, Africa, 400 kilometers from the capital Yaoundé, suddenly erupted a large amount of poisonous gas from the bottom of the lake, and it poured down the northern slope of the mountain like a flood water, hitting several villages in the trough ......

The next morning, on the beautiful slopes of the Cameroon highlands, the crystal blue Nyos River suddenly turned blood-red, like a festering and angry red eye. The grass was littered with dead livestock and wild beasts. In the villages on the shores of Lake Nyos, the houses, churches and barns are intact, but there is no movement on the streets. When I went inside the house to find out, I was greeted by a shocking scene, which was full of dead people. What a tragic sight it was! Among the dead were men, women, children, and even babies.

From the mouths of the survivors, people knew what happened to the tragedy, and along with the sound of last night, there was a ghostly cylindrical vapor spewing out of the lake, and the whole lake boiled at once, and the waves set off hit the shore of the lake, reaching into the sky, reaching more than 80 meters high, and then like a column of cloud smoke into the valley below. At that moment, a gust of wind whistled from the lake, carrying a suffocating stench that pushed the cloud of smoke towards the neighboring town.

According to incomplete statistics, at least 1,740 people were killed by poison gas and a large number of livestock were killed in this disaster. Of the village's 650 residents, only six survived.

This poison spraying incident immediately aroused great concern among all countries. The crater lake of Nyos is also more famous all over the world. Japan, Britain, the United States, France, Italy, and other countries have all quickly dispatched emergency rescue teams and sent experts to test the composition of the poison gas erupting at Lake Nyos.

After a period of hard work, the composition of the toxic gases ejected from Lake Nyos was finally identified. Experts agree that the main gas ejected is carbon dioxide, while the foul smell comes from hydrogen sulfide. While people conquer and demand from nature, they are also met with nature's merciless revenge. The poison gas at the bottom of the lake, a sudden disaster caused by nature, has given mankind a bitter taste.

(Due to years of sedimentation, the bottom of the lake is filled with carbon dioxide, and these gases kill).

The fog is a disaster

In December 1952, traffic in London was almost paralyzed, and on the fourth day of the smog, a double-decker bus could only move slowly through the city with the help of fog lights.

In 1952, police officers in London used burning torches so that they could see people clearly in the smoke and be seen.

The fog is a disaster

Known as the world's "fog capital", London, England, is often shrouded in dense fog at the turn of spring and autumn, as if covered with a veil of mystery. According to statistics, foggy days in London can be as high as seventy or eighty times a year, with an average of one "foggy day" in every five days. Whenever the fog falls, the pervasive fog not only affects traffic and causes accidents, but also directly endangers people's health and even threatens people's lives.

Compared to the state of 1952, London today is a purified city. At that time, there were coal-fired power plants in London, and there were many factories not far from the city center. Most homes burn coal for heating. Coal-powered steam locomotives pull trains into the capital. There is little control over the exhaust gases produced by cars and trucks.

On December 4, 1952, one of the world's worst "smog" events occurred in the city of London: a continuous thick fog continued for nearly a week, and a large amount of smoke and gases from factories and households accumulated at low altitudes, and the whole city was shrouded in thick fog and fell into a gray darkness. During this period, more than 4,700 people died from respiratory diseases, and more than 8,000 more died after the fog cleared. This is the "fog catastrophe" that shocked the world.

Big smoke

In the early morning of December 3, 1952, the London Meteorological Observatory reported that a peak passed through the night, and the temperature could reach 5.6°C at noon, with a relative humidity of about 70%. It's a rare good day for the locals – a lovely winter day.

On that day, a wind blew from the North Sea through England, blowing a thick fog from the chimneys of the factories and city dwellers of the central part of England to the clouds, so that the air was very fresh and pleasant.

However, no one would have imagined that disaster was quietly coming.

In the evening, London was on the southeastern edge of a huge high-pressure cyclone, around which stronger northerly winds were blowing clockwise. The cyclone's centre had reached a few hundred kilometres west of London and was moving southeasterly along its usual path. In the morning, the wind became lighter and clouds obscured almost the entire sky. By noon, dark clouds had obscured the sun and the sky over London was cloudy, with the weather station's thermometer reading 3.3°C and relative humidity rising to 82%.

On December 5th, an unusual circumstance occurred. The anemometer at the London Meteorological Observatory measured a very strange measure – the wind speed readings were completely stationary. According to the estimates of experts at the time, the wind speed at this time did not exceed 3 kilometers per hour.

London was in a state of dead wind, and a large amount of smoke and dust accumulated in the air for a long time, and the wind was too weak to carry away all kinds of harmful soot from the factory chimneys and homes. As a result, a large amount of soot fell from the sky, and the beautiful Thames Valley was enveloped in smoke. A young apprentice working on a boat was brought to tears by the intrusion of smoke, which penetrated through the doors and into the homes of Greenwich residents, causing unbearable ......pain

The fog cloud hovered over the city for 5 days, gradually becoming dirtier and more poisonous. The amount of smog in the air in central London has increased almost 10-fold.

The

smoke has caused thousands of victims to suffer from bronchitis, wheezing, and other diseases that affect the lungs. Finally, by the time the smoke cleared, an estimated 4,000 people had died, most of them elderly.

Today, the main cause of smog is pollution from exhaust fumes emitted by motor vehicles. In big cities like Los Angeles and Mexico City, smoke is constantly suspended in the air. The use of unleaded petrol and the installation of locomotive exhaust catalytic converters help to reduce the risk of health damage from this contamination. However, this remains a serious issue to be addressed.

Mysterious catastrophe

On October 21, 1971, a transport plane loaded with frozen beef, the "Super Constellation", flew over a probe ship working on the surface. The crew watched it fly for about a minute, and suddenly, the plane fell headlong into the sea as if it had been sucked into the sea. After that, the crew saw nothing, found neither oil traces, nor bodies and the wreckage of the plane. The only thing that confirmed the plane's disappearance was a large piece of bloody beef floating on the surface of the sea.

Bermuda Triangle

The disappearance of the "Super Constellation" plane is just one of many disappearances in this mysterious sea. Between 1840 and 1945, more than 100 planes disappeared over the area, and many more ships disappeared here.

Known as the "Cemeteries of the Sea", this is the Bermuda Triangle, which has attracted the attention of many scientists around the world.

The disappearance of the "Super Constellation", like countless other disappearances, can be boiled down to one sentence - no clues. Any vessel, plane or person that goes missing in the Bermuda Triangle will never find the survivors and any wreckage, and the mystery lies here.

All those who have tried to come up with a logical explanation for the disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle have encountered contradictions that they cannot escape. As a result, some people put forward the theory of "supernatural" in an attempt to unravel the mystery of the century. Some researchers have inferred that the disaster in the Bermuda Triangle is related to aliens and flying saucers. Their argument is that there is an alien submarine saucer base here. Because over the years, people have observed countless UFO phenomena here. The missing planes and ships were taken by the crew of the flying saucers. At a scientific conference in Bonn, renowned astronaut Dr. Javreen Strurubin revealed how they were using space-age technology to study ancient records. He believes that the truth about the disappearance of planes and ships in the Bermuda Triangle has been revealed, and that a 400-year-old meteorite was at work.

None of the explanations cited above can hardly address the root cause of the disappearance disaster in the Bermuda Triangle. But in spite of this, people are still full of confidence that with the rapid development of science and technology in the world, the "devil" that runs rampant in the waters and skies of the Bermuda Triangle will eventually be found out and displayed to the public.

The Big Bang

On June 30, 1908, on the banks of the Tunguska River in the Siberian forests of the Russian Empire, a loud bang suddenly erupted, a huge mushroom cloud rose into the sky, a strong white light appeared in the sky, the temperature was instantly scorching and scorching, the grass and trees in the center of the explosion were scorched, and people 70 kilometers away were also severely burned, and some people were deaf by the loud sound. Not only the people in the vicinity were terrified, but other countries were also involved. Many electric lights in London, England, suddenly went out and darkness reigned, people in many European countries saw day-like flashes in the night sky, and even in the United States, far across the ocean, people felt the earth tremble......

The Tunguska explosion (simulation).

It happened at 7:17 a.m., at 60°53'0202N, 101°53'402E near the Tunguska River (now part of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation). Destructive power: It was later estimated to be equivalent to 15 million to 20 million tons of TNT explosives and to bring down 60 million trees over 2,150 square kilometres.

At about 7:15 a.m. local time, locals in the northwestern part of Lake Baikal observed a huge fireball streaked across the sky, as bright as the sun. A few minutes later, a bright light illuminated the entire sky, and the phenomenon of mushroom clouds was observed. The explosion was recorded by seismic stations across Eurasia, and the barometric instability it caused was even detected by the automatic barometric pressure recorder that had just been invented by the British at the time. In the United States, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Mount Willson Observatory have observed a decrease in atmospheric transparency for at least several months.

If this object had hit the Earth a few hours later, then this explosion should have occurred in Europe, and not in the sparsely populated Tunguska region, causing even greater casualties.

At that time, the tsarist rule in Russia was in turmoil, and it was unable to organize an investigation into it. The explosion is loosely known as the "Tunguska explosion". After the October Revolution, in 1921 the Soviet regime sent physicist Kulik to lead an expedition to the Tunguska region. They claimed that the explosion was caused by a huge meteorite. But they never found the crater where the meteorite fell, nor did they find the meteorite. Only a few dozen shallow flat-bottomed pits were found. Therefore, the "meteorite theory" was only a speculation at the time, and there was a lack of evidence, so Kulik led a team to Tunguska twice to investigate, and conducted aerial surveys, and found that the damage caused by the explosion amounted to more than 20,000 square kilometers. At the same time, many strange phenomena have also been discovered, such as the trees in the center of the explosion have not all fallen, but their leaves have been charred; the growth rate of trees in the explosion area has accelerated; the width of their growth rings has increased from 0.4 to 2 mm to more than 5 mm; and the reindeer in the explosion area have all contracted a strange skin disease, jujube dermatosis, and so on. Soon after the outbreak of World War II, Kulik threw himself into the army and sacrificed his precious life in the anti-fascist war. The Soviet Union's investigation of the Tunguska explosion was also suspended. After World War II, the former Soviet physicist Kasayev visited Japan.

In December 1945, he arrived in Hiroshima, where the United States had dropped the atomic bomb four months earlier. Looking at the ruins of Hiroshima, Kasayev suddenly remembered Tunguska, and the two clearly had many similarities:

The center of the explosion was damaged, and the trees stood upright without falling.

The death of humans and animals in the explosion was caused by burns caused by nuclear radiation.

The

mushroom cloud produced by the explosion was the same shape, except that the Tunguska was much larger.

In particular, the photographs taken by Tunguska of dead trees and charred branches look very similar to those of Hiroshima. As a result, Kasayev had the bold idea that the Tunguska explosion was caused by a nuclear explosion caused by a nuclear-powered spacecraft piloted by aliens that malfunctioned during landing.

As soon as this theory came out, it immediately aroused a strong reaction in the scientific circles of the former Soviet Union. There is no shortage of supporters and opponents. Sorotov et al. further speculated that the spacecraft had come to the area to get fresh water to Lake Baikal. It has also been pointed out that the leprosy caused by reindeer in the Tunguska region is very similar to the skin disease caused by radiation in the cattle herd in the United States after the nuclear test in New Mexico in 1945, and that the accelerated growth of trees and the genetic variation of plants and insects in the Tunguska region are the same as those after the nuclear tests conducted by the United States in the Pacific islands.

In the 50s and 60s, the forecourt sent expeditions to the Tunguska region many times, and those who believed that it was a nuclear explosion and those who adhered to the "meteorite theory" claimed that the expedition had found evidence in their favor, and neither side could convince anyone. In the case where the central crater is not found, it is believed that it was a comet that fell, so it could only produce a dust explosion and not a central crater.

In 1973, some American scientists came up with a new insight into this, believing that the explosion was caused by a cosmic black hole. A small black hole orbited over the Pacific Ocean between Iceland and Newfoundland that triggered the explosion. However, little is known about the nature and characteristics of black holes. The existence of "small black holes" is questionable. Therefore, there is still a lack of sufficient evidence for this insight. To this day, the mystery of the Tunguska explosion remains unsolved.

Tsunami

It is said that there is such an interesting story in Chile: God created the world, and when he finished making the world, he still had the last precious piece of mud left in his hand, and he was reluctant to throw it away, so he smeared this piece of mud from south to north in the western part of South America, thus forming Chile with a length of 4,270 kilometers from north to south and a width of 90-435 kilometers from east to west. Perhaps, because it is the "last piece of mud", the crust here is not so quiet.

Chile tsunami

However, according to modern plate structure theory, Chile is a subduction zone where the Pacific plate and the South American plate collide, and is located in the volcanic belt of the Pacific Rim. This particular geological structure has caused Chile to be on an extremely unstable surface. Since ancient times, volcanoes have erupted, earthquakes have occurred, tsunamis have occurred frequently, and disasters have often befallen the area.

In May 1960, doom reigned for the troubled country.

From the early hours of the morning, on the seabed near Puerto Montt in Chile, a strong earthquake rarely seen in the history of world earthquakes suddenly struck. The magnitude of the earthquake is so high, the duration is long, and the area affected is so wide. The earthquake continued, and 225 earthquakes of different magnitudes occurred in a period of more than one month. There were as many as 10 earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 or higher, of which 3 were magnitude 8 or higher.

When the earthquake first struck, the shaking was relatively mild, and the earth only shook gently. But unlike previous earthquakes, this tremor occurs continuously. Then, the magnitude of the earthquake was higher than the previous and the shaking became more and more intense each time. Then the earth shook more and more violently, like a light boat rocking in the wind and waves. In the midst of the panic, people staggered out of the house and hid in what they thought was safe.

At this time, although some houses and buildings that were not very strong were collapsed, cracked, and crooked from time to time, and occasionally people who were panicked were crushed and injured by the collapsed objects, some relatively solid houses and buildings were still safe and sound. Since the earthquake started to be less ferocious and people still had time to take shelter, the casualties were low.

However, the continuous shock for two consecutive days caused people to feel paralyzed. Because of the long duration of the earthquake and the fact that the damage was not severe, people were not as afraid of the earthquake as they were at first, but felt that there was nothing to fear, and some even moved into houses that had been torn apart. Of course, there are quite a few who still have lingering palpitations. Fearing an even bigger earthquake, they fled their homes to "safety" in squares, docks and seashores.

As some people expected, at 19:11 on the afternoon of May 22, there was a sudden loud and deafening noise. Seismic waves rumbled like a convoy of thousands of tanks, or hundreds of planes swept through the air, whistling from the bottom of the sea in Puerto Montt. Soon the earth shook violently. One moment a crack suddenly appeared in the land, and the next part of the land suddenly bulged again, as if a giant was turning over. In an instant, the sea was tumbling violently, the canyon was roaring, the waves were roaring, the shore rocks were cracking, and the gravel was piled up on the beach ......

This earthquake was the highest and strongest earthquake in the world, with a magnitude of 9.5 and an intensity of 11 degrees, and an area of influence within an 800-kilometer-long ellipse. The earthquake was followed by a massive tsunami. The tsunami wave swept across the Pacific coast at speeds of hundreds of kilometers per hour, destroying Chile's cities of Concepción, Talcahuano and Chilian, leaving more than 2 million people homeless

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