Mediterranean Hegemony Road

夏 During the summer and autumn of 1887, Bismarck and Salisbury extended the Mediterranean Agreement to the Balkans.

In December, Britain, Italy and Austria exchanged notes, the second "Mediterranean Agreement" was signed, and an alliance was established to deal with Russia's Near East issue.

This is the adjustment made by Bismarck to the alliance system, which has promoted a pattern of mutual restraint between Britain, Italy, Austria, France, and Russia in the Near East, without aligning France and Russia, and ensuring Germany's status on the European continent.

From the late 1980s, the three imperial alliances gradually collapsed, but Germany still established alliances with Russia and Austria. This period was the pinnacle of Bismarck's "King of Balls" diplomacy.

In March 1890, following the departure of Bismarck, the successor's foreign policy changed and the alliance system came to an end.

Germany ’s new route is foreign. The most important one is that the German-Russian Reinsurance Treaty is not being extended.

After Germany tore up the German-Russian Reinsurance Treaty, Russia's diplomatic situation has become increasingly severe. Forced to move closer to France, the two countries have begun alliance negotiations since 1891. Due to mutual distrust between France and Russia, the French-Russian alliance was not formally established until 1894.

Germany was led by the "new route". In July 1890, the "Hergolan-Zanzibar Treaty" between Britain and Germany resolved the dispute over the colonial issue between the two countries.

Plutonium was considered a major concession for Germany at the time, with the aim of drawing Britain into the three-nation alliance.

From 1890 to 1894, Germany repeatedly encouraged Britain to expand its obligations under the Mediterranean Agreement. Demonstrations in the Mediterranean demonstrated the position of the "Four Countries in Harmony".

In this context, Ferdinand sent Archbishop Clement's visit to Russia. The main purposes are: first, to appease the mainstream pro-Russian faction; second, to improve the relationship between Russia and Bulgaria, and to hold the thigh without paying much.

Time is running out. In a few months, Bismarck will step down, and Germany will tear up the German-Russian Reinsurance Treaty. If Russia wants to break the diplomatic deadlock, it is logical to draw Bulgaria.

In fact, since the establishment of the "Three Emperors League", there have been many contradictions, especially between Russia and Austria, which are difficult to reconcile.

In 1885, an uprising occurred in East Rumilia, the people expelled the Ottoman Turkish officials, announced the merger with the Principality of Bulgaria, and Grand Duke Alexander was embraced as the monarch of the merged country.

Originally, it was only a move of Bulgarian national independence. Under the intervention of European powers, in order to gain control of Bulgaria, it caused a two-year Bulgarian crisis.

The Principality of Bulgaria was the main position in the Balkans after the Russian-Turkish war of 1878. In the "Three Emperors League" of 1881, there was the agreement of Bulgarian unification. However, due to the changes in the relations between Russia and Bulgaria, Russia could not continue to control the Bulgarian puppet regime.

公 Grand Duke Alexander, descended from the nobles of the German state, was the nephew of the Russian empress. In 1879, with the support of the Tsar, he became the monarch of the Principality of Bulgaria.

大大 After Grand Duke Alexander came to power, he gradually expressed his dissatisfaction with the arrogance of Russian officials in Bulgaria, and the two sides made repeated negotiations without success. In order to get rid of Russia's control, Grand Duke Alexander became increasingly anti-Russian.

Although the Austro-Hungarian Empire was an alliance with Russia, it did not want to see Russia's monopoly on Bulgaria, so it began to move closer to each other with the wish of Alexander Hatchback.

After Russia-Russia-Bulgaria relations broke down, Russia saw that it could no longer control the Bulgarian government and began to hinder Bulgaria's unification. It also threatened to withdraw its officers and disintegrate Bulgaria's military forces.

At the same time, he demanded that other great powers jointly exert pressure on Bulgaria to persuade Alexander to dissolve Bulgaria.

At the meeting of the great powers, Austria-Hungary stood on the Russian side under the reconciliation of Germany, but met with British resistance because of the unsteady positions of Germany and Austria.

In the end, the two sides reached a compromise. Grand Duke Alexander served as Governor of Eastern Rumilla, Bulgaria completed the actual reunification, and Turkey maintained its nominal sovereignty.

This is not over yet. The merger of Bulgaria has caused the peep of small countries such as Greece and Serbia, hoping for territorial compensation.

国王 The King of Serbia and Milan visited Vienna in September, hoping that the territory will receive the support of Austria and Hungary. After seeing at the meeting of the powers, they couldn't get support.

In November, Serbia sent troops to invade Bulgaria, but the end was unexpected. The Serbian army, which had an absolute advantage, was defeated by Bulgaria.

In order to safeguard its interests in the Balkans, the Austro-Hungarian Empire intervened in the war. Forced Bulgaria to withdraw, but Russia was left out. At the same time, the defeat of Serbia also led to the pro-Russian faction's coming to power, which has laid a hidden danger for the conflict between Russia and Austria.

Unwilling to fail, Russia planned a coup and overthrew the rule of Grand Duke Alexander. However, due to the intervention of the British Olympics, UU reading www.uukanshu.com was beyond the control of Russia, Ferdinand was promoted as the new Grand Duke, and the relations between Russia and Austria deteriorated.

German-Russian relations are not as good as expected, and conflicts broke out on the two sides over trade issues. The entry of cheap Russian agricultural products into the German market affected the interests of the Junker nobles. Under their intervention, heavy taxes were imposed on Russian agricultural products; Russia also retaliated against heavy industrial products in Germany, and the German-Russian trade conflict broke out.

11In November 1887, Germany banned domestic banks' Russian securities, German capital markets were closed to Russia, prompting Russia to target France, and the German-Russian alliance began to end.

底 At the end of November 1889, the Bulgarian diplomatic mission arrived in St. Petersburg. The following month, Archbishop Scrimmentar received an interview with Alexander III, and the four-year diplomatic impasse between Russia and Russia began to dawn.

At the same time, Ferdinand, who is familiar with the faces of the great powers, was forced to recognize the time of the Stam government and signed a close contract with Britain and Austria-Hungary.

The British and Austrian countries have obtained preferential rights for Bulgaria's foreign trade. The two sides only need to pay very low tariffs. Considering the industrial gap between the two sides, it is unfair to Bulgaria.

At the same time, due to the tariffs being mortgaged, the forces of Britain and Austria began a new round of infiltration into Bulgaria. At a painful price, Ferdinand's government has won the support of Britain and Austria, and the relationship between the two sides has been further developed.

In the long run, relying on industrial advantages, the British and Austrian countries have an advantage in trade with Bulgaria, which has hurt the development of the Bulgarian national bourgeoisie.

Fortunately, Ferdinand was prepared from the beginning to develop national capitalism, relying on policy tilts, resource coordination and power competition. There is no plan to rely on a bourgeois power, otherwise Bulgaria would be as difficult as it is to develop.